feat: enhance error handling and configuration in backend

- Added ORCID_REDIRECT_URI to docker-compose for OAuth callback.
- Refactored CORS and trusted hosts settings in configuration for better clarity.
- Introduced a new function to validate publication IDs and provide explicit error messages for researcher IDs.
- Updated rate limiting strategy to simplify configuration.
- Improved security headers middleware to safely remove sensitive headers.

backend/app/api/export.py

@@ -63,6 +63,27 @@ def _validate_pub_ids(pub_ids: List[UUID]) -> List[UUID]:
     return pub_ids
 
 
+def _raise_clear_error_if_researcher_id_was_used(db: Session, pub_ids: List[UUID]) -> None:
+    """
+    Si el cliente envía por error el UUID de un investigador al endpoint
+    de publicaciones, devolvemos un mensaje explícito para guiar el uso.
+    """
+    if len(pub_ids) != 1:
+        return
+
+    researcher = db.query(Researcher).filter(Researcher.id == pub_ids[0]).first()
+    if researcher:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=400,
+            detail=(
+                "The provided UUID belongs to a researcher, not a publication. "
+                "Use publication IDs for this endpoint, or call "
+                f"/api/export/sword/researcher/{researcher.orcid_id} "
+                f"(or /api/export/zip/researcher/{researcher.orcid_id})."
+            ),
+        )
+
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------
 # ENDPOINT 1: SWORD múltiples publicaciones
 # ---------------------------------------------------------
@@ -81,6 +102,7 @@ async def export_multiple_sword(
 
     pubs = db.query(Publication).filter(Publication.id.in_(pub_ids)).all()
     if not pubs:
+        _raise_clear_error_if_researcher_id_was_used(db, pub_ids)
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="No publications found")
 
     researcher = db.query(Researcher).filter_by(id=pubs[0].researcher_id).first()
@@ -142,6 +164,7 @@ async def export_multiple_zip(
 
     pubs = db.query(Publication).filter(Publication.id.in_(pub_ids)).all()
     if not pubs:
+        _raise_clear_error_if_researcher_id_was_used(db, pub_ids)
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="No publications found")
 
     researcher = db.query(Researcher).filter_by(id=pubs[0].researcher_id).first()

backend/app/api/researchers.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from app.schema.researcher import (
     ResearcherStatsSchema,
     ResearcherWithPublicationsSchema,
 )
-from app.security.jwt import get_current_researcher, get_optional_current_researcher
+from app.security.jwt import get_optional_current_researcher
 from app.services.normalizer import PublicationNormalizer
 from app.services.orcid_client import get_display_name, get_work_detail, get_works_summary
 from app.utils.orcid_validator import ORCID_PATTERN, is_valid_orcid
@@ -184,22 +184,13 @@ def build_search_response(orcid_id: str, db: Session, current: Researcher | None
 # ENDPOINT 1: SEARCH + SYNC
 # ---------------------------------------------------------
 
-def _search_rate_limit(request: Request) -> str:
-    """
-    Aplica un límite distinto si el usuario está autenticado.
-    Como SlowAPI evalúa el decorador antes de las dependencias, devolvemos
-    el límite más restrictivo y subimos sólo si hay token (state.researcher).
-    """
-    researcher = getattr(request.state, "researcher", None)
-    return settings.RATE_LIMIT_SEARCH_AUTH if researcher else settings.RATE_LIMIT_SEARCH_ANON
-
 
 @router.post(
     "/search",
     response_model=ResearcherBatchSearchResponseSchema,
     response_model_exclude_none=True,
 )
-@limiter.limit(_search_rate_limit)
+@limiter.limit(settings.RATE_LIMIT_SEARCH_ANON)
 def search_and_sync_researchers(
     request: Request,
     payload: ResearcherBatchSearchRequestSchema,
@@ -261,7 +252,7 @@ def sync_researcher(
     request: Request,
     orcid_id: str = Path(min_length=19, max_length=19, pattern=ORCID_PATTERN),
     db: Session = Depends(get_db),
-    current: Researcher = Depends(get_current_researcher),
+    current: Researcher | None = Depends(get_optional_current_researcher),
 ):
     if not is_valid_orcid(orcid_id):
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid ORCID iD")

backend/app/core/config.py

@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     ORCID_OAUTH_STATE_COOKIE: str = "orcid_oauth_state"
     ORCID_OAUTH_STATE_TTL_SECONDS: int = 600
 
-    CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS: str = ""
 
-    TRUSTED_HOSTS: List[str] = Field(default_factory=lambda: ["*"])
+    TRUSTED_HOSTS: str = "*"
 
     RATE_LIMIT_DEFAULT: str = "60/minute"
     RATE_LIMIT_AUTH: str = "10/minute"
@@ -92,19 +92,11 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     SECURITY_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS: bool = True
     SECURITY_HSTS_PRELOAD: bool = False
 
-    @field_validator("CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS", mode="before")
-    @classmethod
-    def _parse_cors(cls, v):
-        return _split_csv(v)
-
-    @field_validator("TRUSTED_HOSTS", mode="before")
-    @classmethod
-    def _parse_trusted_hosts(cls, v):
-        parsed = _split_csv(v) if not isinstance(v, list) else v
-        return parsed or ["*"]
-
     @model_validator(mode="after")
     def _validate_security(self) -> "Settings":
+        cors_origins = self.cors_allowed_origins
+        trusted_hosts = self.trusted_hosts
+
         if self.ENVIRONMENT == "production":
             weak = {"change_me", "changeme", "secret", "password", ""}
             if self.JWT_SECRET.strip().lower() in weak:
@@ -116,11 +108,11 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
                 raise ValueError(
                     "JWT_SECRET debe tener al menos 32 caracteres en producción."
                 )
-            if "*" in self.CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS:
+            if "*" in cors_origins:
                 raise ValueError(
                     "CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS no puede contener '*' en producción."
                 )
-            if not self.CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS:
+            if not cors_origins:
                 raise ValueError(
                     "CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS debe definirse explícitamente en producción."
                 )
@@ -128,12 +120,12 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
                 raise ValueError(
                     "API_KEY_VALUE debe tener al menos 24 caracteres en producción."
                 )
-            if self.TRUSTED_HOSTS == ["*"]:
+            if trusted_hosts == ["*"]:
                 raise ValueError(
                     "TRUSTED_HOSTS debe definirse explícitamente en producción."
                 )
 
-        for origin in self.CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS:
+        for origin in cors_origins:
             parsed = urlparse(origin)
             if parsed.scheme not in {"http", "https"} or not parsed.netloc:
                 raise ValueError(f"Origen CORS inválido: {origin!r}")
@@ -144,6 +136,15 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     def is_production(self) -> bool:
         return self.ENVIRONMENT == "production"
 
+    @property
+    def cors_allowed_origins(self) -> List[str]:
+        return _split_csv(self.CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS)
+
+    @property
+    def trusted_hosts(self) -> List[str]:
+        parsed = _split_csv(self.TRUSTED_HOSTS)
+        return parsed or ["*"]
+
     @property
     def docs_url(self) -> str | None:
         return "/docs" if self.DOCS_ENABLED else None

backend/app/core/rate_limit.py

@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ def _build_limiter() -> Limiter:
         key_func=_key_func,
         default_limits=[settings.RATE_LIMIT_DEFAULT],
         storage_uri=storage_uri,
-        headers_enabled=True,
+        headers_enabled=False,
-        strategy="fixed-window-elastic-expiry",
+        strategy="fixed-window",
     )
 
 

backend/app/core/security_headers.py

@@ -1,19 +1,3 @@
-"""
-Middleware de cabeceras de seguridad HTTP.
-
-Aplica un perfil seguro por defecto:
-- Strict-Transport-Security (HSTS) — fuerza HTTPS en navegadores compatibles.
-- X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
-- X-Frame-Options: DENY (clickjacking)
-- Referrer-Policy: strict-origin-when-cross-origin
-- Permissions-Policy: bloquea APIs sensibles por defecto
-- Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy / Resource-Policy: aislamiento del navegador
-- Content-Security-Policy laxa para Swagger/OpenAPI (CDN), restrictiva para el resto.
-
-NOTA: El frontend SPA tiene su propia CSP en su servidor. Aquí
-endurecemos lo que sirve el backend (JSON, XML, ZIP, /docs, /redoc, etc.).
-"""
-
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from starlette.middleware.base import BaseHTTPMiddleware
@@ -82,7 +66,10 @@ class SecurityHeadersMiddleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware):
                 hsts += "; preload"
             response.headers.setdefault("Strict-Transport-Security", hsts)
 
-        response.headers.pop("Server", None)
+        # `MutableHeaders` no implementa `.pop()`. Eliminamos de forma segura.
-        response.headers.pop("X-Powered-By", None)
+        if "server" in response.headers:
+            del response.headers["server"]
+        if "x-powered-by" in response.headers:
+            del response.headers["x-powered-by"]
 
         return response

backend/app/main.py

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ app.add_middleware(
 
 app.add_middleware(
     CORSMiddleware,
-    allow_origins=settings.CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS,
+    allow_origins=settings.cors_allowed_origins,
     allow_credentials=True,
     allow_methods=["GET", "POST", "PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE", "OPTIONS"],
     allow_headers=[
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ app.add_middleware(
 
 app.add_middleware(
     TrustedHostMiddleware,
-    allowed_hosts=settings.TRUSTED_HOSTS,
+    allowed_hosts=settings.trusted_hosts,
 )
 
 

docker-compose.yml

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ services:
     environment:
       DATABASE_URL: postgresql://postgres:postgres@db:5432/orcid_db
       REDIS_URL: redis://redis:6379/0
+      ORCID_REDIRECT_URI: https://jargon-supreme-palpable.ngrok-free.dev/callback
     depends_on:
       db:
         condition: service_healthy