Laboratorio de Toma de Decisiones

El laboratorio de toma de decisiones se centra en el estudio de los procesos, métodos y herramientas que permiten seleccionar la mejor alternativa posible ante diferentes opciones, considerando múltiples criterios, objetivos y restricciones. Su propósito principal es comprender y mejorar la forma en que los individuos, grupos y organizaciones enfrentan situaciones complejas donde deben evaluar riesgos, beneficios, costos e incertidumbres. Esta área es de naturaleza interdisciplinaria, ya que combina fundamentos de la matemática, la estadística, la economía, la psicología, la inteligencia artificial y la gestión, entre otras disciplinas.

Dentro de este laboratorio, se analizan diferentes enfoques para apoyar la toma de decisiones, como los modelos deterministas, probabilísticos y los basados en la incertidumbre y la imprecisión, utilizando herramientas como la lógica difusa, los sistemas expertos, la simulación o los algoritmos de optimización. También se estudian los procesos cognitivos y sociales involucrados en la toma de decisiones humanas, con el fin de diseñar modelos que reflejen tanto la racionalidad limitada como los sesgos y preferencias subjetivas que influyen en los resultados.

Las aplicaciones que se realizan en este laboratorio son amplias y abarcan áreas como la planificación estratégica, la gestión de recursos, el análisis de riesgos, la ingeniería de sistemas, la salud, el medio ambiente y la política pública, entre otras. Asimismo, en el contexto actual de transformación digital, se busca integrar la toma de decisiones con tecnologías emergentes como la inteligencia artificial, el aprendizaje automático y el análisis de datos masivos, lo que permite crear sistemas de apoyo a la decisión más eficientes, adaptativos y transparentes.

Publicaciones

Solo se muestran los años con publicaciones disponibles:

2026
2025
Xiao-Hong Pan and Shi-Fan He and Diego Garcia-Zamora and Ying-Ming Wang and Luis Martinez
A novel online reviews-based decision-making framework to manage rating and textual reviews
EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS, vol. 259, DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125367
Yufeng Shen and Xueling Ma and Gang Kou and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Jianming Zhan
Consensus methods with Nash and Kalai-Smorodinsky bargaining game for large-scale group decision-making
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, vol. 321, pág. 865–883, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2024.10.016
Zi-Xin Zhang and Liang Wang and Xianyu Xie and Qinde Wu and Ying-Ming Wang and Rosa M. Rodriguez
Dynamic critical factors identification: A novel fuzzy DEMA℡ method considering heterogeneous information
EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS, vol. 265, DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125957
Bapi Dutta and Alvaro Labella and Alessio Ishizaka and Luis Martinez
Eliciting personalized AHP scale from verbal pairwise comparisons
JOURNAL OF THE OPERATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY, vol. 76, pág. 541–553, DOI: 10.1080/01605682.2024.2376033
A. F. Roldan Lopez Hierro and A. Cruz and R. H. N. Santiago and C. Roldan and Diego García-Zamora and F. Neres and H. Bustince
Fuzzy dissimilarities and the fuzzy Choquet integral of triangular fuzzy numbers on [0,1]
FUZZY SETS AND SYSTEMS, vol. 505, DOI: 10.1016/j.fss.2025.109277
Shengli Li and Yuzheng Sang and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Jindong Qin and Cuiping Wei
Game Behavior-Driven Consensus Models With Maximum Linear-Quadratic Payoffs and Minimum Adjustment
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN CYBERNETICS-SYSTEMS, vol. 55, pág. 3929–3940, DOI: 10.1109/TSMC.2025.3548123
Yibin Xiao and Jianming Zhan and Zeshui Xu and Rosa M. Rodriguez
Game-theoretic approach to consensus building in multi-objective optimization within multi-scale information systems
JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL INFORMATION INTEGRATION, vol. 47, DOI: 10.1016/j.jii.2025.100914
Yibin Xiao and Jianming Zhan and Zeshui Xu and Rosa M. Rodriguez
Multiscale Group Consensus With Heterogeneous Preference Structures Based on Fuzzy Social Networks and Prospect-Regret Theory
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 33, pág. 1073–1087, DOI: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2024.3512773
OWA Operators in Large-Scale Group Decision-Making: An Analysis Based on Comprehensive Minimum Cost Consensus
Informatica, vol. 36, pág. 557–588, Vilnius University Institute of Data Science and Digital Technologies, DOI: 10.15388/25-INFOR599
Cristina Ortega-Rodriguez and Alvaro Labella and Ma del Consuelo Ruiz-Rodriguez
The Compliance Officer in Nonprofit Cooperative Societies: Validation of the figure through the Best-Worst Method
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING SCIENCES, vol. 100, DOI: 10.1016/j.seps.2025.102241
2024
Diego Garcia-Zamora and Anderson Cruz and Fernando Neres and Regivan H. N. Santiago and Antonio F. Roldan Lopez Hierro and Rui Paiva and Gracaliz. P. Dimuro and Luis Martinez and Benjamin Bedregal and Humberto Bustince
Admissible OWA operators for fuzzy numbers
FUZZY SETS AND SYSTEMS, vol. 480, DOI: 10.1016/j.fss.2024.108863
Juan Baz and Diego Garcia-Zamora and Irene Diaz and Susana Montes and Luis Martinez
Flexible-dimensional L-statistic for mean estimation of symmetric distributions
STATISTICAL PAPERS, vol. 65, pág. 4001–4024, DOI: 10.1007/s00362-024-01547-z
Diego Garcia-Zamora and Anderson Cruz and Fernando Neres and Antonio Francisco Roldan Lopez de Hierro and Regivan H. N. Santiago and Humberto Bustince
On the admissibility of the alpha-order for fuzzy numbers
COMPUTATIONAL & APPLIED MATHEMATICS, vol. 43, DOI: 10.1007/s40314-024-02885-2
Lesheng Jin and Radko Mesiar and Tapan Senapati and Chiranjibe Jana and Chao Ma and Diego Garcia-Zamora and Ronald R. Yager
Ordered weighted geometric averaging operators for basic uncertain information
INFORMATION SCIENCES, vol. 663, DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2024.120275
Wen He and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Zdenko Takac and Luis Martinez
Ranking of Fuzzy Numbers on the Basis of New Fuzzy Distance
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 26, pág. 17–33, DOI: 10.1007/s40815-023-01571-5
Diego Garcia-Zamora and Bapi Dutta and Jose Rui Figueira and Luis Martinez
The Deck of Cards Method to Build Interpretable Fuzzy Sets in Decision-making
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, vol. 319, pág. 246–262, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2024.06.039
LeSheng Jin and Zhen-Song Chen and Radko Mesiar and Tapan Senapati and Diego Garcia-Zamora and Luis Martinez
Weights generation models based on acceptance degrees in decision making
FUZZY SETS AND SYSTEMS, vol. 486, DOI: 10.1016/j.fss.2024.108972
2023
LeSheng Jin and Ronald R. Yager and Zhen-Song Chen and Radko Mesiar and Luis Martinez and Rosa M. Rodriguez
Averaging aggregation under uncertainty and bipolar preference environments
SOFT COMPUTING, vol. 27, pág. 8153–8159, DOI: 10.1007/s00500-023-08152-6
Wei Liang and Alvaro Labella and Ying-Ming Wang and Rosa M. Rodriguez
Consensus reaching process under interval-valued hesitant fuzzy environment
COMPUTERS & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, vol. 176, DOI: 10.1016/j.cie.2022.108971
Muhammet Deveci and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Dragan Pamucar and Madjid Tavana and Harish Garg
Guest Editorial Fuzzy Decision Systems for Sustainable Transport
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 31, pág. 355, DOI: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2022.3227692
L. S. Jin and R. R. Yager and C. Ma and Luis Martinez and Rosa M. Rodriguez and T. Senapati and R. Mesiar
Intuitionistic fuzzy type basic uncertain information
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 20, pág. 189–197, DOI: 10.22111/IJFS.2023.7840
LeSheng Jin and Zhen-Song Chen and Ronald R. Yager and Tapan Senapati and Radko Mesiar and Diego García-Zamora and Bapi Dutta and Luis Martinez
Ordered weighted averaging operators for basic uncertain information granules
INFORMATION SCIENCES, vol. 645, DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2023.119357
Soheil Shayegh and Javier Andreu-Perez and Caroline Akoth and Xavier Bosch-Capblanch and Shouro Dasgupta and Giacomo Falchetta and Simon Gregson and Ahmed T. Hammad and Mark Herringer and Festus Kapkea and Alvaro Labella and Luca Lisciotto and Luis Martinez and Peter Macharia and Paulina Morales-Ruiz and Njeri Murage and Vittoria Offeddu and Andy South and Aleksandra Torbica and Filippo Trentini and Alessia Melegaro
Prioritizing COVID-19 vaccine allocation in resource poor settings: Towards an Artificial Intelligence-enabled and Geospatial-assisted decision support framework
PLOS ONE, vol. 18, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275037
Zhen-Song Chen and Jia Zhou and Chen-Ye Zhu and Zhu-Jun Wang and Sheng-Hua Xiong and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Luis Martinez and Miroslaw J. Skibniewski
Prioritizing real estate enterprises based on credit risk assessment: an integrated multi-criteria group decision support framework
FINANCIAL INNOVATION, vol. 9, DOI: 10.1186/s40854-023-00517-y
Si-Hai Feng and Yao-Jiao Xin and Sheng-Hua Xiong and Zhen-Song Chen and Muhammet Deveci and Diego Garcia-Zamora and Witold Pedrycz
Safety Perception Evaluation of Civil Aviation Based on Weibo Posts in China: An Enhanced Large-Scale Group Decision-Making Framework
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 25, pág. 3233–3259, DOI: 10.1007/s40815-023-01510-4
Sheng-Hua Xiong and Yao-Jiao Xin and Zhen-Song Chen and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Si-Hai Feng and Luis Martinez and Witold Pedrycz
Two improved N-two-stage K-means clustering aggregation algorithmic paradigms for HFLTS possibility distributions
INFORMATION FUSION, vol. 100, DOI: 10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101964
2022
Quanyu Ding and Ying-Ming Wang and Mark Goh and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Luis Martinez
A hesitant fuzzy linguistic bidirectional projection-regret decision making model br
COMPUTERS & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, vol. 169, DOI: 10.1016/j.cie.2022.108197
Meng-Die Zhou and Zhen-Song Chen and Jiani Jiang and Gang Qian and Diego Garcia-Zamora and Bapi Dutta and Qiuyan Zhan and LeSheng Jin
Auto-generated Relative Importance for Multi-agent Inducing Variable in Uncertain and Preference Involved Evaluation
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL IN℡LIGENCE SYSTEMS, vol. 15, DOI: 10.1007/s44196-022-00167-5
Zhen-Song Chen and Li-Ping Yang and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Zhengze Zhu and Witold Pedrycz and Miroslaw J. Skibniewski
BIM-aided large-scale group decision support: Optimization of the retrofit strategy for existing buildings
APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING, vol. 131, DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109790
Zhen-Song Chen and Xuan Zhang and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Witold Pedrycz and Luis Martinez and Miroslaw J. Skibniewski
Expertise-Structure and Risk-Appetite-Integrated Two-Tiered Collective Opinion Generation Framework for Large-Scale Group Decision Making
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 30, pág. 5496–5510, DOI: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2022.3179594
Yi Yang and Zhen-Song Chen and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Witold Pedrycz and Kwai-Sang Chin
Novel fusion strategies for continuous interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy information: a case study in quality assessment of SmartWatch appearance design
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MACHINE LEARNING AND CYBERNETICS, vol. 13, pág. 609–632, DOI: 10.1007/s13042-020-01269-2
2021
Xin Liu and Xiaoying Song and Wei Gao and Li Zou and Alvaro Labella
A Decision Making Approach Based on Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic-Valued Credibility Reasoning
JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL COMPUTER SCIENCE, vol. 27, pág. 40–64, DOI: 10.3897/jucs.64595
Jose L. Romo-Lozano and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Roberto Rendon-Medel and Alvaro Labella
Application of a multigranular approach based on the 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic model for the evaluation of forestry policy indicators
REVISTA CHAPINGO SERIE CIENCIAS FORESTALES Y DEL AMBIENTE, vol. 27, pág. 257–275, DOI: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.06.043
Zhen-Song Chen and Lan-Lan Yang and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Sheng-Hua Xiong and Kwai-Sang Chin and Luis Martinez
Power-average-operator-based hybrid multiattribute online product recommendation model for consumer decision-making
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IN℡LIGENT SYSTEMS, vol. 36, pág. 2572–2617, DOI: 10.1002/int.22394
Antonio Luis Moreno-Albarracin and Cristina Ortega-Rodriguez and Ana Liceran-Gutierrez and Alvaro Labella and Luis Martinez
TRANSPARENCY INDICATORS TO IMPROVE ACCOUNTABILITY FOR NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: A SPANISH CASE STUDY
TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY, vol. 27, pág. 763–782, DOI: 10.3846/tede.2021.14821
2020
Alvaro Labella and Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Cohard and Jose Domingo Sanchez-Martinez and Luis Martinez
An AHPSort II Based Analysis of the Inequality Reduction within European Union
MATHEMATICS, vol. 8, DOI: 10.3390/math8040646
Alvaro Labella and Konstantinos Koasidis and Alexandros Nikas and Apostolos Arsenopoulos and Haris Doukas
APOLLO: A Fuzzy Multi-criteria Group Decision-Making Tool in Support of Climate Policy
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL IN℡LIGENCE SYSTEMS, vol. 13, pág. 1539–1553, DOI: 10.2991/ijcis.d.200924.002
Zhen-Song Chen and Xiao-Lu Liu and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Xian-Jia Wang and Kwai-Sang Chin and Kwok-Leung Tsui and Luis Martinez
Identifying and prioritizing factors affecting in-cabin passenger comfort on high-speed rail in China: A fuzzy-based linguistic approach
APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING, vol. 95, DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106558
Yaya Liu and Jose Carlos R. Alcantud and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Keyun Qin and Luis Martinez
Intertemporal Hesitant Fuzzy Soft Sets: Application to Group Decision Making
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 22, pág. 619–635, DOI: 10.1007/s40815-020-00798-w
Antonio Luis Moreno-Albarracin and Ana Liceran-Gutierrez and Cristina Ortega-Rodriguez and Alvaro Labella and Rosa M. Rodriguez
Measuring What Is Not Seen-Transparency and Good Governance Nonprofit Indicators to Overcome the Limitations of Accounting Models
SUSTAINABILITY, vol. 12, DOI: 10.3390/su12187275
Cuiping Wei and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Peng Li
Note on entropies of hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets and their applications
INFORMATION SCIENCES, vol. 512, pág. 352–368, DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2019.06.018
2019
Cong-Cong Li and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Luis Martinez and Yucheng Dong and Francisco Herrera
Consensus Building With Individual Consistency Control in Group Decision Making
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 27, pág. 319–332, DOI: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2018.2856125
Yaya Liu and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Jose Carlos R. Alcantud and Keyun Qin and Luis Martinez
Hesitant linguistic expression soft sets: Application to group decision making
COMPUTERS & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, vol. 136, pág. 575–590, DOI: 10.1016/j.cie.2019.07.040
Zhen-Song Chen and Xuan Zhang and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Xian-Jia Wang and Kwai-Sang Chin
Heterogeneous Interrelationships among Attributes in Multi-Attribute Decision-Making: An Empirical Analysis
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL IN℡LIGENCE SYSTEMS, vol. 12, pág. 984–997, DOI: 10.2991/ijcis.d.190827.001
Yaya Liu and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Hani Hagras and Hongbin Liu and Keyun Qin and Luis Martinez
Type-2 Fuzzy Envelope of Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Set: A New Representation Model of Comparative Linguistic Expression
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 27, pág. 2312–2326, DOI: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2019.2898155
2018
Liang Wang and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Ying-Ming Wang
A dynamic multi-attribute group emergency decision making method considering experts’ hesitation
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL IN℡LIGENCE SYSTEMS, vol. 11, pág. 163–182, DOI: 10.2991/ijcis.11.1.13
Cong-Cong Li and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Luis Martinez and Yucheng Dong and Francisco Herrera
Consistency of hesitant fuzzy linguistic preference relations: An interval consistency index
INFORMATION SCIENCES, vol. 432, pág. 347–361, DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2017.12.018
Rosa M. Rodriguez and Yejun Xu and Luis Martinez and Francisco Herrera
Exploring Consistency for Hesitant Preference Relations in Decision Making: Discussing Concepts, Meaning and Taxonomy
JOURNAL OF MULTIPLE-VALUED LOGIC AND SOFT COMPUTING, vol. 30, pág. 129–154
Group Recommendations Based on Hesitant Fuzzy Sets
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IN℡LIGENT SYSTEMS, vol. 33, pág. 2058–2077, DOI: 10.1002/int.21922
Cuiping Wei and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Luis Martinez
Uncertainty Measures of Extended Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Sets
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 26, pág. 1763–1768, DOI: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2017.2724023
2017
Zi-Xin Zhang and Liang Wang and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Ying-Ming Wang and Luis Martinez
A hesitant group emergency decision making method based on prospect theory
COMPLEX & IN℡LIGENT SYSTEMS, vol. 3, pág. 177–187, DOI: 10.1007/s40747-017-0045-9
Y. Zulueta and Rosa M. Rodriguez and R. Bello and Luis Martinez
A Hesitant Heterogeneous Approach for Environmental Impact Significance Assessment
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATICS, vol. 29, pág. 74–87, DOI: 10.3808/jei.201700358
Francisco J. Estrella and Sezi Cevik Onar and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Basar Oztaysi and Luis Martinez and Cengiz Kahraman
Selecting firms in University technoparks: A hesitant linguistic fuzzy TOPSIS model for heterogeneous contexts
JOURNAL OF IN℡LIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 33, pág. 1155–1172, DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-16727
2016
Rosa M. Rodriguez and B. Bedregal and H. Bustince and Y. C. Dong and B. Farhadinia and C. Kahraman and Luis Martinez and V. Torra and Y. J. Xu and Z. S. Xu and F. Herrera
A position and perspective analysis of hesitant fuzzy sets on information fusion in decision making. Towards high quality progress
INFORMATION FUSION, vol. 29, pág. 89–97, DOI: 10.1016/j.inffus.2015.11.004
Yejun Xu and Lei Chen and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Francisco Herrera and Huimin Wang
Deriving the priority weights from incomplete hesitant fuzzy preference relations in group decision making
KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS, vol. 99, pág. 71–78, DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2016.01.047
Cuiping Wei and Feifei Yan and Rosa M. Rodriguez
Entropy measures for hesitant fuzzy sets and their application in multi-criteria decision-making
JOURNAL OF IN℡LIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS, vol. 31, pág. 673–685, DOI: 10.3233/IFS-2180
2015
Cuiping Wei and Zhiliang Ren and Rosa M. Rodriguez
A Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic TODIM Method Based on a Score Function
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL IN℡LIGENCE SYSTEMS, vol. 8, pág. 701–712, DOI: 10.1080/18756891.2015.1046329
2014
Rosa M. Rodriguez and Luis Martínez and V. Torra and Z. S. Xu and F. Herrera
Hesitant Fuzzy Sets: State of the Art and Future Directions
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IN℡LIGENT SYSTEMS, vol. 29, pág. 495–524, DOI: 10.1002/int.21654
Weighting of Features in Content- Based Filtering with Entropy and Dependence Measures
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL IN℡LIGENCE SYSTEMS, vol. 7, pág. 80–89, DOI: 10.1080/18756891.2013.859861
2013
2012
Wenjiang Li and Jun Liu and Hui Wang and Alberto Calzada and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Luis Martinez
A QUALITATIVE DECISION MAKING MODEL BASED ON BELIEF LINGUISTIC RULE BASED INFERENCE METHODOLOGY
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNCERTAINTY FUZZINESS AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS, vol. 20, pág. 105–118, DOI: 10.1142/S0218488512400089
2011
Jun Liu and Luis Martinez and Da Ruan and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Alberto Calzada
Optimization algorithm for learning consistent belief rule-base from examples
JOURNAL OF GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION, vol. 51, pág. 255–270, DOI: 10.1007/s10898-010-9605-x
2010
Jun Liu and Luis Martinez and Hui Wang and Rosa M. Rodriguez and Vasily Novozhilov
Computing with Words in Risk Assessment
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL IN℡LIGENCE SYSTEMS, vol. 3, pág. 396–419
Rosa M. Rodriguez and Luis Martinez and Da Ruan and Jun Liu
USING COLLABORATIVE FILTERING FOR DEALING WITH MISSING VALUES IN NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS EVALUATION
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNCERTAINTY FUZZINESS AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS, vol. 18, pág. 431–449, DOI: 10.1142/S0218488510006635

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Aplicaciones